Anther development: basic principles and practical applications.

Anther development: basic principles and practical applications.

Male reproductive processes in flowering plants take place in the stamen (Esau, 1977). This sporophytic organ system contains diploid cells that undergo meiosis and produce haploid male spores, or microspores. Microspores divide mitotically and differentiate into multicellular male gametophytes, or pollen grains, that contain the sperm cells. Figures 1 and 2 show that the stamen consists of two...

Basic principles and practical application

MRI: Basic Principles and Applications

In the second chapter and throughout the book, Dr. Gustavii identifies common problems of non-native English speakers, a topic overlooked in Day's book. Even native English writers will benefit from his clarifications and suggestions, such as avoiding the use of "respectively" and "and/or." Another strength of the book is the cogent discussion of which researchers on a project deserve authorshi...

Voltammetric electronic tongues – basic principles and applications

This review examines basic principles and applications of voltammetric electronic tongues. It is introduced by a description of the concept of electronic tongues or taste sensors followed by a general overview of electrochemical measurement principles that have been used for electronic tongues. A special emphasis is given on measurement principles for voltammetric electronic tongues, also inclu...

Age-related changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: basic principles and practical applications.

Advancing age is characterized by impairment in the function of the many regulatory processes that provide functional integration between cells and organs. Therefore, there may be a failure to maintain homeostasis under conditions of physiological stress. The reduced homeostatic ability affects different regulatory systems in different subjects, thus explaining at least partly the increased int...